| A Long-Delay Op-Amp Timer |
|
submitted by: Frank Sutherland
lingua@iafrica.com
Feb 2005 |
 |
 |
|
I recently had to design a timer to switch off a small fan after two or three
hours. The period was not critical, but it was important that the circuit should never fail to time out. This requirement precluded the use of a
555, because in a 555 circuit the period is determined by the time it takes for a capacitor to charge up through a resistor (typical circuit shown
in fig 1). Long intervals require high-value resistors and large electrolytic capacitors, and this brings two problems. The first
problem is that an electrolytic capacitor has an internal leakage current, and the second is that the 555 draws a small current – about 0,1
µA – into pin 6. These two currents tend to cancel out the charging current flowing into the capacitor through R1 and R2. If the total of the two
currents is a significant proportion of the charging current, the timing period will not be as designed. If the total equals the charging
current, C1 will not charge up beyond a given level and the circuit will never time out. |
|
The conventional way to obtain longer periods is to use a 555 timer to
generate pulses at say one per second, and then use logic divider ICs to extend the pulse time by a factor of two, four, eight, sixteen, etc. I
have used such a timer myself to de-ice a refrigerator, but in the situation to hand it seemed like overkill. |
| After some experimentation I ended up with the circuit shown in Fig 2.
It comprises a timing capacitor, a FET-input 3140-type IC configured as a voltage follower, and a second IC, a 741, which functions as a voltage
comparator and relay driver. |
| To start the timer, the timing capacitor, C1, must be charged up. The
first prototype simply had a push-button just above R1, but it soon appeared that a quick tap on the button would result in C1 being only
partially charged. Hence I added a small relay with two sets of contacts. The first set causes the relay to latch for a second or two (until
C2 is charged up), while the second set passes current to charge C1. |
| Once charged, C1 begins running down through R2. |
| The top of C1 is connected to the non-inverting (+) input of IC1, so
this input must not provide a discharge path. This is why the FET- input 3140 was chosen for this position. The impedance at its inputs is around
1,5 million megaohms, which means that for all practical purposes the inputs are open circuit. |
| The inverting (-) input of IC1 is connected
directly to the output, so that the gain of the stage is one. Thus the output voltage of IC1 follows the voltage at the (+) input. It falls
gradually as C1 runs down. |
| The “stop” button simply discharges C1. |
| IC2 is configured as a voltage comparator and "click-over" switch.
When C1 is charged up the voltage at the (+) input of IC2 is above that at the (-) input, which is set at about one fifth of the supply voltage by
R3 and R4. The output of IC 2 is then high, and base current flows to TR1 through R7. TR1 turns on, the relay pulls in and the load receives
power. |
| As C1 runs down, the voltage at the output of IC1 and hence the (+)
input of IC2 falls. When the voltage goes below the voltage at the (-) input, the circuit clicks over and the output goes low. The positive
feedback supplied by R5 and R6 ensures a clean "click-over" without oscillation. TR1 then cuts off and the relay opens. |
| With the component values shown, the circuit gives a reliable timing
period of 150 minutes -- give or take a minute or two. A larger capacitor and/or a higher-value resistor will give a longer period, but again the
period could vary if the leakage current in the capacitor should be high enough to "compete" with the discharge current through R2. However,
the circuit will never fail to time out. Upping the value of C1 to 10 000 µF, by way of experiment, gave a timing period of 14 hours and 55
minutes – give or take three minutes or so. |
| The components shown in Fig 2 are not the only ones that will do the
job -- they are the ones I had in my scrap-box. Many other op-amps and transistors will do in the place of the 741 and the BD139, and the user
will no doubt experiment with whatever relays he has to hand. |
| When experimenting, remember that a voltmeter connected to the top of
C1 will provide a discharge path to ground and will thus affcect the timing period. Connect the meter to the output of C1, but then bear in
mind that the output can only rise to about two volts below the supply voltage. Thus, if the supply is 12V and C1 is charged up to this
voltage, the IC1 output will only read about 10V and will “idle” there until C1 has run down some way. |
|
The circuit should be powered from a supply of 12V - 24V. This supply need not
be regulated but must be reasonably stable, since large voltage variations could affect the operation of the voltage-comparator part of the
circuit. The relay coil voltages should match the supply voltage, and the supply should be able to deliver the current required by the relays --
plus 10 mA or so for the two ICs. |
