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Tuesday, June 01, 2021 03:06 PM
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Super Capacitor Circuits
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Ultracapacitor Voltage Limiting
Circuit |
Supercapacitors are working their way into more and more applications where
electrical energy needs to be stored. These robust devices can be charged and
discharged 1000s of times and will typically outlast a battery. Many supercap
manufacturers claim a life span of 10 years or more. A supercapacitor is often
chosen to supply power to low current load for many hours at a time, recharged by a
solar panel. |
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All supercapacitors have a maximum
voltage rating. When charging these devices, that voltage should not be
exceeded. Doing so can damage the device. In many applications several
capacitors are wired in series, to produce a capacitor bank with a higher voltage.
But even if the proper charging voltage is used the weakest device in the string
will charge up first.
Without a circuit to limit the voltage across
each part, the weakest part in the series string will be overcharged as the rest
of the parts in the string finish their charge. The circuit below solves this
over-voltage problem by balancing the string with a voltage limiting circuit
across each capacitor. |
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The circuit diverts charging current
around each part, when the voltage reaches a critical point. The circuit is
really a classic 2.65v shunt type voltage regulator. It takes advantage of a
LMP2231 low voltage op Amp from National Semiconductor, a low current LM385 voltage
reference, also from National, and a PMV30UN n-channel FET from NXP Semiconductors,
which has a low gate-source threshold voltage.
In the application shown, three 310 farad
supercapacitors from Maxwell, part number BCAP0310, are wired in series, to form an
energy storage bank. The voltage from the bank is connected to a Seiko low
voltage drop 3v voltage regulator. Power to charge the supercapacitor bank
comes from a 3 watt 9v solar panel, with a short circuit current of about 300ma.
The three voltage limiting circuits keep the voltage across each capacitor at 2.65v
for a total of 7.95v for the capacitor bank, when fully charged. |
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A
solar panel will typically produce about 5% of full power when the sky is heavily
overcast. That means that a minimum of 15ma could be expected from the solar panel
during about 8 hours of daylight. If the 3v DC output is restricted to an average
of 5ma of current, then there would be enough charge in the capacitor for about 24 hours
of complete darkness. Up to 100ma of peak current could be drawn from the 3v
supply if needed for such applications as a RF transmitter. Energy drawn from the
capacitor bank during night operation is restored by the solar panel. |
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Click on Circuit Below to view PDF of Schematic |
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eMail David A.
Johnson, P.E. about this circuit |
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